Fluorescent Dyes Used in STED Microscopy

The following dyes have been successfully used in STED microscopy:

Dye name
(Manufacturer / Distributor)
Exc. Wavelength Exc. Pulse Length STED Wavelength STED Pulse Length Repetition Rate Avg. STED Power Peak Irradiance Pulse Energy Spatial Resolution (Direction) Reference(s)
ATTO 425 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 440 nm 130 ps 532 nm 1 ns 60 kHz 24 – 162 ΅W 0.4 – 2.7 nJ 500 MW/cm2 70 – 80 nm (xy) B. Rankin et al., Opt. Lett. 33, 2491 (2008)
Mn doped ZnSe Qdots
(Nanomaterials & Nanofabrication Laboratories)
440 nm < 90 ps 676 nm  cw cw   9 MW/cm2   45 nm (xy) S.Irvine et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 2685 (2008)
ATTO 532 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 470 nm 100 ps 615 nm 200 ps 80 MHz 14 – 18 mW     66 – 72 nm (xy) K. Willig et al., Nature 440, 935 (2006)
J. Sieber et al.,
Biophys. J. 90, 2843 (2006)
K. Willig et al.,
New J. Phys. 8, 106 (2006)
ATTO 532 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 470 nm 80 ps 603 nm 280 ps 250 kHz 0.5 mW   2 nJ <25 nm (xy) G. Donnert et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 11440 (2006)
ATTO 532 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 488 nm 100 ps 615 nm 200 ps 80 MHz 16 mW     60 – 70 nm (xy) D. Fitzner et al., EMBO J. 25, 5037 (2006)
R. Kellner,
Neurosci. 144, 135 (2007)
ATTO 532 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 488 nm 120 ps 600 nm 200 ps 250 kHz   1.1 GW/cm2   <40 nm (xy) L. Meyer et al., Small 4, 1095 (2008)
DY-485XL (Dyomics GmbH) 488 nm < 100 ps 647 nm ~ 200 ps 72 MHz (20 + 3) mW     40 – 45 nm (xyz) R. Schmidt et al., Nat. Meth. 5, 539 (2008)
Alexa Fluor 488 (Invitrogen GmbH) 488 nm cw 592 nm cw cw < 600 mW     < 60 nm (xy) G. Moneron et al., Opt. Expr. 18, 1302 (2010)
Chromeo 488 (Actif Motif) 488 nm 140 ps 602 nm 200 ps 250 kHz 0.6 mW     ~ 30 nm (xy) L. Meyer et al., Small 4, 1095 (2008) (Supporting Material)
Chromeo 488 (Actif Motif) 488 nm cw 592 nm cw cw < 600 mW     < 60 nm (xy) G. Moneron et al., Opt. Expr. 18, 1302 (2010)
Oregon Green 488 (Invitrogen GmbH) 488 nm cw 592 nm cw cw < 600 mW     < 60 nm (xy) G. Moneron et al., Opt. Expr. 18, 1302 (2010)
FITC 488 nm cw 592 nm cw cw < 600 mW     < 60 nm (xy) G. Moneron et al., Opt. Expr. 18, 1302 (2010)
DY-495 (Dyomics GmbH) 488 nm cw 592 nm cw cw < 600 mW     < 60 nm (xy) G. Moneron et al., Opt. Expr. 18, 1302 (2010)
GFP 490 nm 100 ps 575 nm 200 ps 80 MHz 7.2 mW     ~ 70 nm (xy) K. Willig et al., Nat. Meth. 3, 721 (2006)
Citrine 490 nm 100 ps 598 nm 300 ps 80 MHz 36 mW 807 MW/cm2 0.45 nJ 48 nm (xy) B. Hein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 14271 (2008)
Citrine 488 nm cw 592 nm cw cw 112 mW 62 MW/cm2   ~ 60 nm (xy) B. Hein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 14271 (2008)
YFP 490 nm 100 ps 598 nm 300 ps 80 MHz 18 mW 400 MW/cm2 0.23 nJ ~ 70 nm (xy) U. V. Nδgerl et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 18982 (2008)
ATTO 565 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 532 nm ~ 90 ps 640 – 660 nm ~ 90 ps 1 – 2 MHz       30 – 40 nm (xy) D. Wildanger et al., Opt. Expr. 16, 9614 (2008)
ATTO 565 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 532 nm cw 647 nm cw cw 114 mW     ~ 60 nm (xy) K. Willig et al., Nat. Meth. 4, 915 (2007)
ATTO 565 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 1060 nm 300 fs @
117 MHz,
10 mW
676 nm  cw cw 200 mW     ~ 70 nm (xy) G. Moneron, S.W. Hell, Opt. Expr. 17, 14567 (2009)
MR 121 SE (Roche Diagnostics) 532 nm 10 ps 793 nm 107 ps 76 MHz 10.4 mW     ~ 50 nm (z) M. Dyba et al., Nat. Biotech. 21, 1303 (2003)
NK51 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 532 nm < 100 ps 647 nm ~ 200 ps 72 MHz (20 + 3) mW     40 – 45 nm (xyz) R. Schmidt et al., Nat. Meth. 5, 539 (2008)
Sulfonated & rigidized rhodamine derivatives (V. Boyarskiy, Dep. NanoBiophotonics,
MPI Gφttingen)
532 nm 100 ps 640 nm ~ 300 ps 80 MHz   40 MW/cm2   < 90 nm (xy) V. Boyarskiy et al., Chem. Eur. J. 14, 1784 (2008)
Nitrogen vacancies in diamond 532 nm 60 ps 775 nm 3.2 ns 8 MHz 850 mW 8.6 GW/cm2 106 nJ 6 nm (xy) Rittweger et al., Nat. Photon. 3, 144 (2009)
Pyridine 2 / LDS 722
(Exciton, Radiant Dyes GmbH)
554 nm 250 fs 760 nm 13 ps 76 MHz       33 nm (z) M. Dyba, S.W. Hell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 163901 (2002)
Pyridine 2 / LDS 722
(Exciton, Radiant Dyes GmbH)
554 nm 250 fs 745 nm 50 – 200 ps 76 MHz 12.2 mW     44 nm (z) M. Dyba et al., New. J. Phys. 7, 134 (2005)
RH 414 (Biotium, Inc.) 554 nm 250 fs 745 nm 13 ps 76 MHz 8.78 mW     30 nm (z) M. Dyba, S.W. Hell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 163901 (2002)
ATTO 590 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 570 nm ~ 90 ps 690 – 710 nm ~ 90 ps 1 MHz 1.4 – 2.4 mW   1.4 – 2.4 nJ 30 – 40 nm (xy) D. Wildanger et al., Opt. Expr. 16, 9614 (2008)
ATTO 590 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 570 nm ~ 90 ps 690 – 710 nm ~ 90 ps 1 MHz 3.8 mW   3.8 nJ 20 nm (xy)
45 nm (xy), 108 nm (z)
D. Wildanger et al., J. Microsc. 236, 35 (2009)
Alexa 594 (Invitrogen Corp.) 570 nm ~ 90 ps 690 – 710 nm ~ 90 ps 1 MHz 3.8 mW   3.8 nJ   D. Wildanger et al., J. Microsc. 236, 35 (2009)
ATTO 594 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 570 nm ~ 90 ps 690 – 710 nm ~ 90 ps 1 MHz 3.8 mW   3.8 nJ   D. Wildanger et al., J. Microsc. 236, 35 (2009)
DyLight 594 (Thermo Scientific) 570 nm ~ 90 ps 690 – 710 nm ~ 90 ps 1 MHz 3.8 mW   3.8 nJ   D. Wildanger et al., J. Microsc. 236, 35 (2009)
ATTO 633 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 630 nm ~ 90 ps 735 – 755 nm ~ 90 ps 1 – 2 MHz 1.4 – 2.4 mW   1.4 – 2.4 nJ 30 – 40 nm (xy) D. Wildanger et al., Opt. Expr. 16, 9614 (2008)
ATTO 633 (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 635 nm 100 ps 750 nm ~ 200 ps 76 MHz     ~ 1.5 nJ 40 nm (xy) A. Punge et al., Micr. Res. Techn. 71, 644 (2008)
ATTO 647N (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 635 nm cw 750 nm cw cw 423 mW     ~ 50 nm (xy) K. Willig et al., Nat. Meth. 4, 915 (2007)
ATTO 647N (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 635 nm 100 ps 780 nm 300 ps 250 kHz   700 MW/cm2   ~ 65 nm (xy) G. Donnert et al., Biophys. J.: Biophys. Lett., L67 (2007)
V. Westphal et al.,
Science 320, 247 (2008)
ATTO 647N (ATTO-TEC GmbH) 635 nm 120 ps 750 nm 200 ps 76 MHz   1.2 GW/cm2   <40 nm (xy) L. Meyer et al., Small 4, 1095 (2008)
JA 26 (K.H. Drexhage, Siegen University) 635 nm 68 ps 781 nm 303 ps 40 MHz 10.1 mW   0.25 nJ 40 nm (x) V. Westphal et al., Appl. Phys. B. 77, 377 (2003)
JA 26 (K.H. Drexhage, Siegen University) 635 nm 68 ps 775 nm 300 ps 76 MHz   800 MW/cm2   16 nm (x) V. Westphal, S.W. Hell, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 143903 (2005)
JA 26 (K.H. Drexhage, Siegen University) 635 nm 68 ps 780 nm 300 ps 80 MHz 90 – 100 mW   1.13 – 1.25 nJ 47 nm (xy) V. Westphal et al., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 38, S695 (2005)
JA 26 (K.H. Drexhage, Siegen University) 637 nm 54 ps 778 – 785 nm 303 ps 40 MHz       120 – 140 nm (xy) V. Westphal et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 3125 (2003)

Compilation:Lars Kastrup <lkastru@gwdg.de>
Last change: 13-Jan-2010